Which of the following is NOT a fundamental of signal processing?

Averaging is not considered a fundamental aspect of signal processing in the same way that filtering, amplification, and modulation are.

Filtering involves manipulating a signal to allow certain frequencies to pass while attenuating others, which is crucial for eliminating noise and enhancing desired signals. Amplification refers to increasing the power of a signal, making it stronger for transmission or processing purposes. Modulation is the process of varying a waveform in order to encode information, which is essential for transmitting signals efficiently over various media.

While averaging can be applied in certain signal processing contexts, such as smoothing out data or reducing random noise, it does not serve as a core principle like the other options. Therefore, it is rightly identified as the choice that does not align with the fundamental processes of signal processing.